False Confession Experiment - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1100 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2018/12/18 Category Psychology Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Research Question The research question in the article, Innocent but Proven Guilty: Eliciting Internalized False Confessions Using Doctored-Video Evidence by Nash and Wade (2008), is: Could fake-video evidence lead people to believe they committed an act they never did? This research question is interesting as it reveals how people may be driven to make false confessions when presented with a fake-video evidence (Nash Wade, 2008). It further shows that the criminal justice system may be apprehending people, who have made false confessions, and deeming them guilty of actions they have not committed. The real criminals are left free to continue to commit more criminal offences. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "False Confession Experiment" essay for you Create order The research questions, therefore, attempts to investigate the probability and possibilities of people being proven guilty based on fabricated evidences. Introduction Research conducted by several scholars has indicated that most innocent people are proven guilty for criminal offences they did not commit. Such people end up behind bars serving time for offences they were not part of. Fake evidence is the main contributing factor to innocent people being locked in prisons. Fake evidence, such as fake eyewitness testimonies and fake-video evidence, pushes innocent people to make false confessions. With the advances in technology, more sophisticated and affordable computers, digital machines, and desk-top video editing machines have become more popular. These digital devices have also made it easier for people to recreate past events and use them against other people. When people view these videos, they are forced to believe that they were part and parcel of past criminal offences. The implication is false confessions by these people. Fake eyewitnesses may also convince people that they are guilty of committing various crimes through their fake testi monies. Fake eyewitnesses may also convince these people by suggesting that there are videos, which recorded them committing the criminal offences. As a result, these innocent people end up making false confessions. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate how fake-video evidences make people to believe they committed an act they never did. Methodology The researchers, Nash and Wade, compared between fake-video evidence and fake eyewitness testimonies in order to illustrate whether fake-video evidence could lead people to believe they committed a criminal offence they never did before. The researchers, further, employed a metacognitive model, which helped them to make a clear comparison. Three tests were also conducted (Nash Wade, 2008). These tests include investigating whether fake-video evidence generated more false confessions that fake eyewitness evidence, find out a new model for examining the impact of fake evidence on false confessions, and to collect data on cognitive forces. The task the subjects performed is likely to be very important but the exact nature of their stimuli is not. Results The main findings of the research were that the participants believed to have committed criminal offences when presented with false evidence. 93% of the total subjects internalized and signed the confessions forms. 87% out of the 93% signed the confession papers on the first request while 7% signed after the second request. In experiment one and two, 67% and 73% of the subjects believed they committed the criminal offences after viewing the fake-video evidences (Nash Wade, 2008). On the other side, experiment one and two showed that 60% and 13% of the subjects respectively made false confessions when presented with fake eyewitness evidence. These figures answer the research questions by suggesting that there is a high likelihood of people making false confessions when presented with fake-video evidences. Implications Nash and Wade found out that fake-video evidences produced false confessions from innocent people. The implication of the experiments is that most of the subjects believed that the main aim of the research was to investigate their gambling habits and not false confessions, compliance issues, and memory distortions among many others. This reveals how the topic on false confessions is not always a product of the many experiments that are often conducted by scholars. An effective model should, therefore, be developed to deal with the fabricated evidence presented to innocent people. Future research should be carried out to find the frequency of fake-evidence videos resulting into false confessions. The impacts of the fake-video confessions on false confessions should be investigated. Lastly, effective strategies should be researched to get rid of the fake-video evidences and fake eyewitness evidences in order to prevent the justice system from apprehending the wrong people. Critique In my opinion, the article, Innocent but Proven Guilty: Eliciting Internalized False Confessions Using Doctored-Video Evidence by Nash and Wade (2008), is very resourceful how fake-video evidences results into false confessions. The research design of the article makes sense. The research design was also perfect for answering the research question. No other research design could be used to answer the research question. I would involve the criminal justice officials in further experiments. The criminal justice officials, such as criminal detectives, could be used to convey the fake evidences. Such an experiment would show whether the frequency of fake-video evidence and fake eyewitness evidences in producing false confessions would be equal or not. An example of such an experiment with a similar research question was conducted recently by Frances Chapman in 2006 in his article, Coerced Internalized False Confessions and Police Interrogations: The Power of Coercion. Frances Chapman con ducted a research on how people fall victims of coerced internalized false confessions. In his experiment, Frances investigated how police interrogations resulted into coerced internalized false confessions. He further investigated the Billy Wayne Cope case in order to come up with a conclusive argument. The article by Frances Chapman (2006) is similar to Nash and Wades article (2008) as it attempts to point out how the criminal justice system or rather the legal system apprehends people on the basis of false evidence. France shows how the interrogators use fake-video evidences and fake eyewitness evidences to convince their suspects of taking part in various criminal offences. Both articles show how the suspects are made to believe that their lack of memory brought about by alcohol, stress, and blackout may have driven them to forget their involvement in certain criminal offences. Conclusion In conclusion, fake-video evidence results into coerced internalized false confessions. Human beings are made to believe that they committed various criminal offences even when they never did. Fake-video evidences and fake eyewitness evidence are the main contributors of innocent people being proven guilty. However, Nash and Wade reveal in their article, Innocent but Proven Guilty: Eliciting Internalized False Confessions Using Doctored-Video Evidence (2008), that the frequency of fake-video evidence resulting into false confessions is higher compared to the fake eyewitness evidences. References Robert Nash Kimberley Wade. (2008). Innocent but Proven Guilty: Eliciting Internalized False Confessions Using Doctored-Video Evidence, John Wiley Sons, Ltd, 1-28.

Interpersonal Communication Skills And Cognitive Academic...

Describe basic interpersonal communication skills and cognitive academic language proficiency from your own understanding (1’). †¢ Interpersonal communication skills, for me is the ability to speak to one another in a form that will allow us to exchange ideas, thoughts, information and emotions. If I had to explain this form of communication in one word I would say â€Å" Chat† this is because in a chat you are to swap and discuss a topic that is either important to you or the listener, or about something that may bother you and make you feel a certain way. Some basic interpersonal skills are body language, gestures, facial expressions and verbal dialogue. †¢ Cognitive Academic language Proficiency: this is for me the intellectual part of learning a new language. This is the ability to write, speak, understand, analyze, compare and evaluate information in the acquisitioned language. 2. Describe one of the following models: Two-way Bilingual Immersion program, Transitional Bilingual Education, or Structured English Immersion (1’). †¢ Transitional Bilingual Education: In my opinion this model refers to the ability to transition from a fully fluent language to a new language. In other words a child’s ability to smoothly transition from one language to the other will solemnly depend on whether or not that student has his native language down packed and whether or not that student may perfectly understand, speak, write and evaluate their primary language before they move on to attainShow MoreRelatedExplain The Differences Between Bics And Calp1081 Words   |  5 Pagesinteraction in second language acquisition. 3. What is the role of a student’s primary language proficiency in second language acquisition? 4. Define Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE). Explain the goals and objectives and instruction features of this framework. (10 points) 5. 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Contemporary Accounting Research Myer Holdings Ltd.

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Accounting Research for Myer Holdings Ltd. Answer: Introduction In the main, this research paper would be helpful to evaluate annual reports of Myer Holdings Ltd. (MYR) with regards to the reporting requirements that are enforced on accountants. Moreover, for this paper I would like to select Myer Holdings Ltd as a prime company. The other company that I would like to select in order to make out the differences in disclosures is David Jones Limited (DJL). In addition to this, this research paper would be helpful to evaluate the annual reports of both companies in compliance with the conceptual framework in order to make out the discrepancy in corporate reporting in an effective way. Structure of the Paper In the first section of this paper I would like to provide all the detailed information of the both chosen companies MYR and DJL. Moreover, in the second section, I would like to confirm annual reports of both companies in compliance with the conceptual framework as well as standards. In the third section, I would like to give some important suggestions that the firms must implement to improve the overall efficiency of the organizations. Company Background Myer Holdings Ltd.: MYR is the leading retail company in Australia. It offers a large variety of products such as: clothes, toys, electrical, home wares, food confectionery, footwear accessories, cosmetics fragrance, books stationery, furniture bedding, travel goods, and so forth (Myer Pty Ltd. 2016). David Jones Limited: DJL is a fashionable department store in Australia. DJL was established by David Jones in 1838. Along with this, David Jones is the oldest operating department store that is still trading in its innovative name (David Jones. 2016). Annual Reports In Compliance With Conceptual Framework Standards Conceptual Framework: This discussion of this section is depends on the consolidated financial statements as well as annual reports of the Myer and Jones. To make this discussion effective and the comparison advantageous, the accounting policies that are used in the preparation of the financial as well as annual reports would also be discusses in this section. The management of both companies needs to estimate the things that may affect the annual reports of the organizations. It is because of a business organization contain inherent uncertainties and for that reason, the management must estimate and also make assumptions in order to prepare accurate financial reports as well as annual reports at the end of the year (Mondelez International, 2016). On the other hand, it should be noted down that, the Myer prepares its consolidated financial statements as per the AASB (Australian Accounting Standards Board). The firm fully obliged to implement the entire pre-determined accounting standard to prepare its consolidated financial statements in reference to AASB. The firm is obliged to make its financial statements according to the AASB due to several reasons. For case, the main reason is that, all the listed companies are obliged to work as per the Australian Accounting Standards Board. In this case, Myer is also a listed company and fully compelled to follow AASB in a systematic way (AASB, 2015). On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, AASB are also issued by IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) and all the listed organizations are obliged to prepare their consolidated financial statements as per the global accounting standards. Apart from this, David Jones is also a listed company and it is also obliged to prepare its consolidated financial statements in line with Australian Accounting Standards Board. In the same manner, it should be noted down that both Myer and David Jones put into practice the AASB accounting standards in order to prepare and to present their annual reports in an effective and an appropriate way (Wang, 2014). On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, the economic characteristic as well as risks that are inherent in the economy of the nation also influence the financial activities and outcomes of the companies. In that case, the accounting standards provided by AASB play a significant role in order to discontinue such activities that may influence the operations as well as financial results of the firms. Along with this, to break off these types of activities, AASB obliged to display all the additional disclosures such as: cash flow, balance sheet, and so no in order to prepa re consolidated financial statements and annual reports accurately (Tarca, Morris and Moy, 2013). As a result, Myer is including its additional disclosures in order to prepare its consolidated financial statements as well as annual reports as per the specified accounting standards. In the same manner, David Jones also applies the accounting standards provided by AASB in order to prepare as well as present its annual reports at the end of each and every financial year. Moreover, David Jones also operates its business in different countries and for that reason the firm concentrated on all its business as well as financial reports in order to make sure that all the financial statements and financial reports that is disclosed by the firm are adequate and also according to international financial reporting standards (Braun, Haynes, Lewis and Taylor, 2015). Along with this, the main focus of the firm is to observe all the international accounting standards as well as guidelines are followed by the firm in a proper way. In this wait, with the help of the valuation of both companies, it can be assumed that both Myer and David Jones follow the Australian Accounting Standards Board to prepare their consolidated financial statements and annual reports accurately. Fair Value Accounting Standards: On the basis of the previous annual reports of the chosen organizations, it should be noted down that both business organizations use fair value accounting method to predict the accurate value of assets, liabilities, and equities of the business firms. In addition to this, AASB also expresses that the firms must consider the fair value as price in order to sell their assets, to pay their liabilities and to make all the transactions in an effective and a comprehensive manner (Barth, 2015). On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, both companies take in historical cost convention method, assessment of investment properties, trading securities, available-for-sale financial assets, financial assets liabilities at fair value, derivative contracts, and so forth in order to proper financial reports of the firms in an accurate way. Moreover, fair value of valuation is an effective method that plays a critical role in order to estimate accurate value of the assets of the firms. In the AASB, the fair value method is also famous as market-to-market accounting practice (Crawford, Ferguson, Helliar and Power, 2014). In addition to this, both firms formulate as well as implement accounting standards in order to make sure the consistency and significance of the information that do not influence particular interests as well as results of the organizations. In addition to this, all the way by using the fair value method, both companies evaluate as well as represent their assured assets as well as liabilities in the balance sheet on the basis of their fair market prices. Moreover, both companies use fair value method to measure all their assets in order to reveal the exact value of business in front of their investors and shareholders (Daske, Hail, Leuz and Verdi, 2013). In addition to this, fair value accounting method entails financial reporting of assets as well as liabilities on the B/S at fair value. The method also reflects on changes in actual value of assets as well as liabilities the same as gains and losses in the income statement. Code of Conduct and Corporate Government Statement: On the basis of the annual reports of the firm, it should also be noted down that, Myer put into practice code of conduct and corporate government to prepare the report of director in an appropriate way. Along with this, David Jones also talks about the corporate governance in its financial statements. At the end of each and every year both firms issue a corporate governance report as the notes of the financial statements (Biondi, et al., 2014). Moreover, the codes of ethics reports of both companies are accessible on their official websites. It should also be noted down that corporate governance framework as well as practices provided numerous policies as well as guidelines that are adopted by the Board of the companies in order to meet their corporate social responsibilities in a proper way. In addition to this, Myer and David Jones also bring to light the work carried out by the companies over the past financial year. Both companies talk about the code of conduct that is related t o their workplaces (Barth, Landsman, Lang and Williams, 2012).. In this way, it can be said that, both companies follow corporate governance and also related documents, charters and policies appropriately. Economic and Risks Factors: Myer declared the economic as well as risks factors in the notes to its financial statements. David Jones did not state economic and risk factors in its financial statement. Moreover, in todays emerging market, economic, political and regulatory risks are evaluated by Myer effectively. Myer contains all the information in their Annual Report or on Form 10-K. Myer operates its businesses in the highly competitive industry, so it reveals the political, economic and regulatory risks and also forward-looking information in its annual reports (Christensen, Lee Walker and Zeng, 2015). The annual reports of Myer are free from bias because of it provides fair as well as accurate financial information in their financial or annual reports. Recommendation On the basis of the above conversation, it can be recommended that David Jones should release information linked to risk factors in its annual reports. For instance, the firm must prepare a report of statement that may represent all the business related risks in front of its investors and shareholders. This strategy would be helpful in order to improve the image of business firm in an effective way (Dye and Sunder, 2001).. Moreover, David Jones operates its business in the global market and also faces several risks; so it must point out the risks factors in its reports in order to designate the shareholders about the prospective of the business. In addition to this, it is also suggested that Myer must consider all the major aspects linked to the IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). For case, in order to prepare and develop financial statements as well as reports, the firm must adopt and implement guidelines and standards of IFRS. The firm must prepare financial statements as per the accounting standards of IFRS. IFRS would also be helpful to overcome the financial error in a proper way. At the same time, it should also be noted down that, Myer runs its operations in many countries and as a result it should apply the international standards to follow international aspects connected to business (Francis, Huang and Khurana, 2015). On the other hand, it is also recommended that, Myer should release all its essential information for the profits of investors and stakeholders. Moreover, the firm should also work as per the accounting standards and also fulfill its corporate social responsibilities in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. In addition to this, it is also suggested that the firm must provide training to its human resources; so they can fulfill their corporate social responsibilities and also improve image of the corporation in front of others. To end with, it is also suggested that, the company should concentrate on different kinds of risks that may influence the profitability as well as productivity of the company in a negative way. The firm should develop innovative strategies to deal and to conquer certain risk in an effective way (Ahmed, Neel and Wang, 2013). On the whole, it is suggested that, the company should follow all the pre-determined guidelines and accounting standards for the ov erall success as well as growth of the organization. References AASB. (2016). Available At: https://www.aasb.gov.au/ [Accessed On 19th August 2016]. Ahmed, A. S., Neel, M. and Wang, D. (2013) Does mandatory adoption of IFRS improve accounting quality? Preliminary evidence. Contemporary Accounting Research, 30(4), pp. 1344-1372. Barth, M. E. (2015). Commentary on Prospects for Global Financial Reporting. Accounting Perspectives, 14(3), pp. 154-167. Barth, M. E., Landsman, W. R., Lang, M. and Williams, C. (2012). Are IFRS-based and US GAAP-based accounting amounts comparable? Journal of Accounting and Economics, 54(1), pp. 68-93. Biondi, Y., Tsujiyama, E., Glover, J., Jenkins, N. T., Jorgensen, B., Lacey, J. and Macve, R. (2014). Old hens make the best soup: accounting for the earning process and the IASB/FASB attempts to reform revenue recognition accounting standards. Accounting in Europe, 11(1), pp. 13-33. Braun, G. P., Haynes, C. M., Lewis, T. D. and Taylor, M. H. (2015). Principles-based vs. rules-based accounting standards: The effects of auditee proposed accounting treatment and regulatory enforcement on auditor judgments and confidence. Research in Accounting Regulation, 27(1), pp. 45-50. Christensen, H. B., Lee, E., Walker, M. and Zeng, C. (2015). Incentives or standards: What determines accounting quality changes around IFRS adoption? European Accounting Review, 24(1), pp. 31-61. Crawford, L., Ferguson, J., Helliar, C. V. and Power, D. M. (2014). Control over accounting standards within the European Union: the political controversy surrounding the adoption of IFRS 8. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(4), pp. 304-318. Daske, H., Hail, L., Leuz, C. and Verdi, R. (2013). Adopting a label: Heterogeneity in the economic consequences around IAS/IFRS adoptions. Journal of Accounting Research, 51(3), pp. 495-547. Dye, R. A. and Sunder, S. (2001). Why not allow FASB and IASB standards to compete in the US?. Accounting horizons, 15(3), pp. 257-271. Francis, J. R., Huang, S. X. and Khurana, I. K. (2015). The Role of Similar Accounting Standards In Crossà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Border Mergers and Acquisitions. Contemporary Accounting Research. Myer Pty Ltd. (2016). Annual Reports. Available At: https://investor.myer.com.au/Reports/ [Accessed On 19th August 2016]. Tarca, A., Morris, R. D. and Moy, M. (2013). An investigation of the relationship between use of international accounting standards and source of company finance in Germany. Abacus, 49(1), pp. 74-98. David Jones. (2016). Available At: https://www.davidjones.com.au/Contact-Us [Accessed On 19th August 2016]. Wang, C. (2014). Accounting standards harmonization and financial statement comparability: Evidence from transnational information transfer. Journal of Accounting Research, 52(4), pp. 955-992. Zeff, S. (2014). The IASB and FASB stumble over the annuity method of depreciation. Accounting in Europe, 11(1), pp. 55-57.